Limitations of Use

LEMTRADA is not recommended for use in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) because of its safety profile [see Warnings and Precautions (5)].

2.1 Testing and Procedures Prior to Treatment

Baseline laboratory tests are required prior to treatment with LEMTRADA [see Dosage and Administration (2.6)]. In addition, prior to starting treatment with LEMTRADA [see Warnings and Precautions (5.15)]:

• complete any necessary immunizations at least 6 weeks prior to treatment.
• determine whether patients have a history of varicella or have been vaccinated for varicella zoster virus (VZV). If not, test the patient for antibodies to VZV and consider vaccination for those who are antibody-negative. Postpone treatment with LEMTRADA until 6 weeks after VZV vaccination.
• perform tuberculosis screening according to local guidelines.
• instruct patients to avoid potential sources of Listeria monocytogenes.

2.2 Recommended Premedication and Concomitant Medication

2.3 Recommended Dosage

• The recommended dosage of LEMTRADA is 12 mg/day administered by intravenous infusion for 2 treatment courses: First Treatment Course: 12 mg/day on 5 consecutive days (60 mg total dose).
• Second Treatment Course: 12 mg/day on 3 consecutive days (36 mg total dose) administered 12 months after the first treatment course.

Following the second treatment course, subsequent treatment courses of 12 mg per day on 3 consecutive days (36 mg total dose) may be administered, as needed, at least 12 months after the last dose of any prior treatment courses.

2.4 Preparation Instructions

Follow the steps below to prepare the diluted solution of LEMTRADA for intravenous infusion:

• Inspect LEMTRADA visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. Do not use if particulate matter is present or the solution is discolored. Do not freeze or shake vials prior to use.
• Withdraw 1.2 mL of LEMTRADA from the vial into a syringe using aseptic technique and inject into a 100 mL bag of sterile 0.9% Sodium Chloride, USP or 5% Dextrose in Water, USP.
• Gently invert the bag to mix the solution. Ensure the sterility of the prepared solution because it contains no antimicrobial preservatives. Each vial is for single use only.

Prior to administration, protect diluted LEMTRADA solution from light and store for as long as 8 hours either at room temperature 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F) or keep refrigerated at conditions 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F).

2.5 Infusion Instructions

Infuse LEMTRADA over 4 hours starting within 8 hours after dilution. Extend the duration of the infusion if clinically indicated.

Administer LEMTRADA in a setting in which equipment and personnel to appropriately manage anaphylaxis, serious infusion reactions, myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular and respiratory adverse reactions are available [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

Do not add or simultaneously infuse other drug substances through the same intravenous line. Do not administer as an intravenous push or bolus.

Obtain a baseline ECG. Monitor vital signs before the infusion and periodically during the infusion. Provide appropriate symptomatic treatment for infusion reactions as needed. Consider immediate discontinuation of the intravenous infusion if severe infusion reactions occur.

Observe patients for infusion reactions during and for at least 2 hours after each LEMTRADA infusion. Consider longer periods of observation if clinically indicated. Inform patients that they should report symptoms that occur during and after each infusion because they may indicate a need for prompt medical intervention [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

2.6 Laboratory Testing and Monitoring to Assess Safety

Measure the urine protein to creatinine ratio prior to initiation of treatment. Conduct the following laboratory tests at baseline and at periodic intervals until 48 months after the last treatment course of LEMTRADA in order to monitor for early signs of potentially serious adverse effects:

• Complete blood count (CBC) with differential (prior to treatment initiation and at monthly intervals thereafter)
• Serum creatinine levels (prior to treatment initiation and at monthly intervals thereafter)
• Urinalysis with urine cell counts (prior to treatment initiation and at monthly intervals thereafter)
• A test of thyroid function, such as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level (prior to treatment initiation and every 3 months thereafter)
• Serum transaminases (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST]) and total bilirubin levels (prior to treatment initiation and periodically thereafter)

Conduct baseline and yearly skin exams to monitor for melanoma [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].

5.1 Autoimmunity

Treatment with LEMTRADA can result in the formation of autoantibodies and increase the risk of serious autoimmune mediated conditions, which may be life threatening.

In clinical studies (controlled and open-label extension), LEMTRADA-treated patients experienced thyroid disorders (36.8%), immune thrombocytopenia (2%), and glomerular nephropathies (0.3%) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6, 5.7, 5.8)]. Vitiligo and autoimmune hemolytic anemia occurred in 0.3% of patients. Autoimmune pancytopenia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)], undifferentiated connective tissue disorders, and type 1 diabetes each occurred in 0.2% of patients. Rheumatoid arthritis, retinal pigment epitheliopathy, and acquired hemophilia A (anti-Factor VIII antibodies) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.15)] occurred in 0.1% of patients. During postmarketing use, cases of vasculitis, autoimmune hepatitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)], Guillain-Barré syndrome [see Adverse Reactions (6.5)], thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)], and autoimmune encephalitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.14)] have been reported.

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy has been reported in the treatment of patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), as well as other autoimmune disorders, generally at higher and more frequent doses than recommended in MS. An oncology patient treated with alemtuzumab had fatal transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease.

Autoantibodies may be transferred from the mother to the fetus during pregnancy. A case of transplacental transfer of anti-thyrotropin receptor antibodies resulting in neonatal Graves' disease occurred after alemtuzumab treatment in the mother [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

LEMTRADA may increase the risk of other autoimmune conditions because of the broad range of autoantibody formation with LEMTRADA.

Measure the urine protein to creatinine ratio prior to initiation of treatment. Monitor complete blood counts with differential, serum creatinine levels, and urinalysis with urine cell counts before starting treatment and then at monthly intervals until 48 months after the last dose of LEMTRADA to allow for early detection and treatment of autoimmune adverse reactions [see Dosage and Administration (2.6)]. After 48 months, testing should be performed based on clinical findings suggestive of autoimmunity.

LEMTRADA is available only through a restricted program under a REMS [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].

5.2 Infusion Reactions

LEMTRADA causes cytokine release syndrome resulting in infusion reactions, some of which may be serious and life threatening. In clinical studies, 92% of LEMTRADA-treated patients experienced infusion reactions. In some patients, infusion reactions were reported more than 24 hours after LEMTRADA infusion. Serious reactions occurred in 3% of patients and included anaphylaxis in 2 patients (including anaphylactic shock), angioedema, bronchospasm, hypotension, chest pain, bradycardia, tachycardia (including atrial fibrillation), transient neurologic symptoms, hypertension, headache, pyrexia, and rash. Other infusion reactions included nausea, urticaria, pruritus, insomnia, chills, flushing, fatigue, dyspnea, pulmonary infiltrates, dysgeusia, dyspepsia, dizziness, and pain. In clinical studies, 0.6% of patients with infusion reactions received epinephrine or atropine.

During postmarketing use, cases of pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage, myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, stroke (including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke), and cervicocephalic (e.g., vertebral, carotid) arterial dissection have been reported. Reactions may occur following any of the doses during the treatment course. In the majority of cases, time to onset was within 1 to 3 days of LEMTRADA infusion. Patients should be informed about the signs and symptoms and advised to seek immediate medical attention if any of these symptoms occur. Cases of severe (including fatal) neutropenia have been reported within 2 months of LEMTRADA infusion; some cases resolved with receiving granulocyte-colony stimulating factor treatment. Mild to moderate decreases in platelet counts, starting at the time of alemtuzumab infusion and often resolving without treatment, have been reported. Other serious and sometimes fatal infusion reactions (e.g., hypoxia, syncope, acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory arrest, myocardial infarction, acute cardiac insufficiency, cardiac arrest) have been reported in the treatment of patients with B-CLL, as well as other disorders, generally at higher and more frequent doses than recommended in MS.

Premedicate patients with corticosteroids immediately prior to LEMTRADA infusion for the first 3 days of each treatment course. In clinical studies, patients received 1,000 mg of methylprednisolone for the first 3 days of each LEMTRADA treatment course. Consider pretreatment with antihistamines and/or antipyretics prior to LEMTRADA administration. Infusion reactions may occur despite pretreatment.

Consider additional monitoring in patients with medical conditions which predispose them to cardiovascular or pulmonary compromise. Physicians should alert patients that an infusion reaction could occur within 48 hours of infusion.

LEMTRADA can only be administered in certified healthcare settings that have on-site access to equipment and personnel trained to manage infusion reactions (including anaphylaxis, cerebrovascular, cardiac and respiratory emergencies) [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)].

LEMTRADA is available only through a restricted program under a REMS [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].

5.3 Stroke and Cervicocephalic Arterial Dissection

5.4 Malignancies

5.5 LEMTRADA REMS Program

LEMTRADA is available only through a restricted program under a REMS called the LEMTRADA REMS Program because of the risks of autoimmunity, infusion reactions, and malignancies [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2, 5.4)].

Notable requirements of the LEMTRADA REMS Program include the following:

• Prescribers must be certified with the program by enrolling and completing training.
• Patients must enroll in the program and comply with ongoing monitoring requirements [see Dosage and Administration (2.6)].
• Pharmacies must be certified with the program and must only dispense to certified healthcare facilities that are authorized to receive LEMTRADA.
• Healthcare facilities must enroll in the program and verify that patients are authorized before infusing LEMTRADA. Healthcare facilities must have on-site access to equipment and personnel trained to manage infusion reactions.

Further information, including a list of qualified healthcare facilities, is available at 1-855-676-6326.

5.6 Immune Thrombocytopenia

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) occurred in 2% of LEMTRADA-treated patients in MS clinical studies (controlled and open-label extension).

In a controlled clinical study in patients with MS, one LEMTRADA-treated patient developed ITP that went unrecognized prior to the implementation of monthly blood monitoring requirements, and died from intracerebral hemorrhage. Nadir platelet counts ≤20,000 cells per microliter as a result of ITP occurred in 2% of all LEMTRADA-treated patients in clinical studies in MS. Anti-platelet antibodies did not precede ITP onset. ITP has been diagnosed more than 3 years after the last LEMTRADA dose.

Symptoms of ITP include easy bruising, petechiae, spontaneous mucocutaneous bleeding (e.g., epistaxis, hemoptysis), and heavier than normal or irregular menstrual bleeding. Hemoptysis may also be indicative of anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)], and an appropriate differential diagnosis has to be undertaken. Remind the patient to remain vigilant for symptoms they may experience and to seek immediate medical help if they have any concerns.

Obtain complete blood counts (CBCs) with differential prior to initiation of treatment and at monthly intervals thereafter until 48 months after the last infusion [see Dosage and Administration (2.6)]. After this period of time, testing should be performed based on clinical findings suggestive of ITP. If ITP is suspected, a complete blood count should be obtained immediately. If ITP onset is confirmed, promptly initiate appropriate medical intervention.

5.7 Glomerular Nephropathies Including Anti-glomerular Basement Membrane Disease

Glomerular nephropathies occurred in 0.3% of LEMTRADA-treated patients in MS clinical studies. There were 3 cases of membranous glomerulonephritis and 2 cases of anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease.

In postmarketing cases, some LEMTRADA-treated patients with anti-GBM disease developed end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis or renal transplantation. Urgent evaluation and treatment are required because early treatment can improve the preservation of renal function. Anti-GBM disease can be life-threatening if left untreated. Alveolar hemorrhage, manifested as hemoptysis, is a common component of anti-GBM disease and has been reported in postmarketing cases. Cases of anti-GBM disease have been diagnosed up to 40 months after the last dose of LEMTRADA.

Symptoms of nephropathy may include edema, hematuria, change in urine color, decreased urine output, fatigue, dyspnea, and hemoptysis. Patients and caregivers should be instructed to seek medical advice if they have concerns.

Obtain serum creatinine levels, urinalysis with cell counts, and urine protein to creatinine ratio prior to initiation of treatment. Obtain serum creatinine levels and urinalysis with cell counts at monthly intervals thereafter until 48 months after the last infusion. After this period of time, testing should be performed based on clinical findings suggestive of nephropathies.

For urine dipstick results of 1+ protein or greater, measure the urine protein to creatinine ratio. For urine protein to creatinine ratio greater than 200 mg/g, increase in serum creatinine greater than 30%, or unexplained hematuria, perform further evaluation for nephropathies. Increased serum creatinine with hematuria or signs of pulmonary involvement of anti-GBM disease (e.g., hemoptysis, exertional dyspnea) warrant immediate evaluation. Early detection and treatment of nephropathies may decrease the risk of poor outcomes.

5.8 Thyroid Disorders

Thyroid endocrine disorders, including autoimmune thyroid disorders, occurred in 36.8% of LEMTRADA-treated patients in MS clinical studies (controlled and open-label extension). Newly diagnosed thyroid disorders occurred throughout the uncontrolled clinical study follow-up period, more than 7 years after the first LEMTRADA dose. Autoimmune thyroid disorders included Graves' disease, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, and goiter. Graves' ophthalmopathy with decreased vision, eye pain, and exophthalmos occurred in 2% of LEMTRADA-treated patients. Seven patients required surgical orbital decompression. Serious thyroid events occurred in about 5.2% of LEMTRADA-treated patients in clinical studies and included cardiac and psychiatric events associated with thyroid disease. Of all LEMTRADA-treated patients, 3.8% underwent thyroidectomy.

Thyroid disease poses special risks in women who are pregnant [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

Obtain thyroid function tests, such as TSH levels, prior to initiation of treatment and every 3 months thereafter until 48 months after the last infusion. Continue to test thyroid function after 48 months if clinically indicated or in case of pregnancy.

In patients with ongoing thyroid disorder, LEMTRADA should be administered only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risks.

5.9 Other Autoimmune Cytopenias

Autoimmune cytopenias such as neutropenia (0.1%), hemolytic anemia (0.3%), and pancytopenia (0.2%) occurred in LEMTRADA-treated patients in MS clinical studies (controlled and open-label extension). In cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, patients tested positive for direct antiglobulin antibodies, and nadir hemoglobin levels ranged from 2.9–8.6 g/dL. Symptoms of autoimmune hemolytic anemia include weakness, chest pain, jaundice, dark urine, and tachycardia. One LEMTRADA-treated patient with autoimmune pancytopenia died from sepsis.

During postmarketing use, additional autoimmune cytopenias, including fatal autoimmune hemolytic anemia and aplastic anemia, have been reported in the treatment of patients with B-CLL, as well as other disorders, generally at higher and more frequent doses of alemtuzumab than recommended in MS.

Use CBC results to monitor for cytopenias. Prompt medical intervention is indicated if a cytopenia is confirmed.

5.10 Autoimmune Hepatitis

Autoimmune hepatitis causing clinically significant liver injury, including acute liver failure requiring transplant, has been reported in patients treated with LEMTRADA in the postmarketing setting. If a patient develops clinical signs, including unexplained liver enzyme elevations or symptoms suggestive of hepatic dysfunction (e.g., unexplained nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue, anorexia, or jaundice and/or dark urine), promptly measure serum transaminases and total bilirubin and interrupt or discontinue treatment with LEMTRADA, as appropriate.

Prior to starting treatment with LEMTRADA, obtain serum transaminases (ALT and AST) and total bilirubin levels. Obtain transaminase levels and total bilirubin levels at periodic intervals until 48 months after the last dose.

5.11 Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) has occurred in patients taking LEMTRADA. HLH is a life-threatening syndrome of pathologic immune activation characterized by clinical signs and symptoms of extreme systemic inflammation. It is associated with high mortality rates if not recognized early and treated. Common findings include fever, hepatosplenomegaly, rash, lymphadenopathy, neurologic symptoms (e.g., mental status changes, ataxia, or seizures), cytopenias, high serum ferritin, hypertriglyceridemia, and liver function and coagulation abnormalities. Hemophagocytosis may be seen on histologic examination of bone marrow, spleen, or lymph nodes. In cases of HLH reported with LEMTRADA, most patients presented with fever, elevated ferritin, transaminitis, hypertriglyceridemia, and all patients required hospitalization. Although the small number of cases limits the ability to draw conclusions pertaining to mean or range of latency for HLH, symptoms have been reported to occur within approximately thirteen months to thirty-three months following the initiation of treatment. Patients who develop early manifestations of pathologic immune activation should be evaluated immediately, and a diagnosis of HLH should be considered. LEMTRADA should be discontinued if an alternate etiology for the signs or symptoms cannot be established.

5.12 Adult Onset Still's Disease (AOSD)

During postmarketing use, Adult Onset Still's Disease (AOSD) has been reported in patients treated with LEMTRADA. AOSD is a rare inflammatory condition that requires urgent evaluation and treatment. Patients with AOSD may have a combination of the following signs and symptoms: fever, arthritis, rash, and leukocytosis in the absence of infections, malignancies, and other rheumatic conditions. Patients with manifestations of AOSD should be evaluated immediately and LEMTRADA should be discontinued if an alternate etiology for the signs or symptoms cannot be established.

5.13 Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)

TTP has been reported in patients treated with LEMTRADA. TTP is characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, neurological sequelae, fever, and renal impairment. TTP is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates if not recognized and treated early. LEMTRADA should be discontinued if TTP is confirmed or an alternate etiology for the signs or symptoms cannot be established.

5.14 Autoimmune Encephalitis (AIE)

During postmarketing use, cases of AIE have been reported in patients treated with LEMTRADA. AIE can present with a variety of clinical manifestations, including subacute onset of memory impairment, altered mental status, psychiatric symptoms, neurological findings, and seizures. LEMTRADA should be discontinued if AIE is confirmed by the presence of neural autoantibodies or an alternate etiology cannot be established.

5.15 Acquired Hemophilia A

Cases of acquired hemophilia A (anti-Factor VIII antibodies) have been reported in both the clinical trial and postmarketing settings. Patients typically present with spontaneous subcutaneous hematomas and extensive bruising, although hematuria, epistaxis, gastrointestinal, or other types of bleeding may occur. Obtain a coagulopathy panel including aPTT in patients who present with such symptoms. Patients should be informed about the signs and symptoms of acquired hemophilia A and advised to seek immediate medical attention if any of these symptoms occur.

5.16 Infections

Infections occurred in 71% of LEMTRADA-treated patients compared to 53% of patients treated with interferon beta-1a in controlled clinical studies in MS up to 2 years in duration. Infections that occurred more often in LEMTRADA-treated patients than interferon beta-1a patients included nasopharyngitis, urinary tract infection, upper respiratory tract infection, sinusitis, herpetic infections, influenza, and bronchitis. Serious infections occurred in 3% of patients treated with LEMTRADA as compared to 1% of patients treated with interferon beta-1a. Serious infections in the LEMTRADA group included: appendicitis, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, herpes zoster, and tooth infection.

Do not administer live viral vaccines following a course of LEMTRADA. Patients treated with LEMTRADA have altered immunity and may be at increased risk of infection following administration of live viral vaccines.

LEMTRADA administration is contraindicated in patients with active infection [see Contraindications (4)].

Concomitant use of LEMTRADA with antineoplastic or immunosuppressive therapies could increase the risk of immunosuppression.

5.17 Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) has occurred in a patient with MS treated with LEMTRADA. PML is an opportunistic viral infection of the brain caused by the JC virus (JCV) that typically only occurs in patients who are immunocompromised, and that usually leads to death or severe disability. PML was diagnosed two months after the second course of LEMTRADA. The patient had previously received multiple MS therapies, but had not received other drugs for treatment of MS for more than one year. The patient had no other identified systemic medical conditions resulting in compromised immune system function and had not previously been treated with natalizumab, which has a known association with PML. The patient was not taking any immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory medications concomitantly. After the diagnosis of PML, the patient developed immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). The patient's condition improved, but mild residual neurologic sequelae remained at last follow-up.

At the first sign or symptom suggestive of PML, withhold LEMTRADA and perform an appropriate diagnostic evaluation. Typical symptoms associated with PML are diverse, progress over days to weeks, and include progressive weakness on one side of the body or clumsiness of limbs, disturbance of vision, and changes in thinking, memory, and orientation leading to confusion and personality changes.

MRI findings may be apparent before clinical signs or symptoms. Cases of PML, diagnosed based on MRI findings and the detection of JCV DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid in the absence of clinical signs or symptoms specific to PML, have been reported in patients treated with other MS medications associated with PML. Many of these patients subsequently became symptomatic with PML. Therefore, monitoring with MRI for signs that may be consistent with PML may be useful, and any suspicious findings should lead to further investigation to allow for an early diagnosis of PML, if present. Following discontinuation of another MS medication associated with PML, lower PML-related mortality and morbidity have been reported in patients who were initially asymptomatic at diagnosis compared to patients who had characteristic clinical signs and symptoms at diagnosis. It is not known whether these differences are due to early detection and discontinuation of MS treatment or due to differences in disease in these patients.

5.18 Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis

LEMTRADA may increase the risk of acute acalculous cholecystitis. In controlled clinical studies, 0.2% of LEMTRADA-treated MS patients developed acute acalculous cholecystitis, compared to 0% of patients treated with interferon beta-1a. During postmarketing use, additional cases of acute acalculous cholecystitis have been reported in LEMTRADA-treated patients. Time to onset of symptoms ranged from less than 24 hours to 2 months after LEMTRADA infusion. Typical risk or predisposing factors such as concurrent critical illness was often not reported. Abnormal ultrasound or computed tomography was used to support the diagnosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis in some cases. Some patients were treated conservatively with antibiotics and recovered without surgical intervention, whereas others underwent cholecystectomy.

Symptoms of acute acalculous cholecystitis include abdominal pain, abdominal tenderness, fever, nausea, and vomiting. Leukocytosis and abnormal liver enzymes are also commonly observed. Acute acalculous cholecystitis is a condition that is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates if not diagnosed early and treated. If acute acalculous cholecystitis is suspected, evaluate and treat promptly.

5.19 Pneumonitis

In clinical studies, 6 of 1217 (0.5%) LEMTRADA-treated patients had pneumonitis of varying severity. Cases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and pneumonitis with fibrosis occurred in clinical studies. Patients should be advised to report symptoms of pneumonitis, which may include shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, chest pain or tightness, and hemoptysis.

5.20 Drug Products with Same Active Ingredient

LEMTRADA contains the same active ingredient (alemtuzumab) found in CAMPATH®. If LEMTRADA is considered for use in a patient who has previously received CAMPATH, exercise increased vigilance for additive and long-lasting effects on the immune system.

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

In controlled clinical trials (Study 1 and Study 2), a total of 811 patients with relapsing forms of MS received LEMTRADA. The population was 18 to 55 years of age, 65% were female, and 92% were Caucasian. A total of 811 patients received 1 course of therapy, and 789 patients received a second course of therapy at 12 months. The overall follow-up in the controlled trials was equivalent to 1622 patient years.

In MS clinical studies (controlled and open-label extension), overall, a total of 1217 patients received LEMTRADA. Approximately 60% of patients received a total of 2 treatment courses and approximately 24% of patients received a total of 3 treatment courses; others received a total of 4 or more treatment courses, although data beyond 3 treatment courses are limited. The overall follow-up was 6858 person-years. Patients had a median of 6 years of follow-up from the first LEMTRADA dose, with approximately 14% having at least 7 years of follow-up.

6.2 Lymphopenia

Nearly all (99.9%) patients treated with LEMTRADA in MS clinical trials experienced lymphopenia. The lowest lymphocyte counts occurred approximately by 1 month after each course of treatment. The mean lymphocyte count at 1 month after LEMTRADA treatment was 0.25 × 109 L (range 0.02–2.30 × 109 L) and 0.32 (0.02–1.81 × 109 L) for treatment courses 1 and 2, respectively. Total lymphocyte counts increased to reach the lower limit of normal in approximately 40% of patients by 6 months after each LEMTRADA treatment course and approximately 80% of patients by 12 months after each course [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)].

6.3 Suicidal Behavior or Ideation

In clinical studies, 0.6% of patients in both the LEMTRADA and interferon beta-1a groups had events of attempted suicide or suicidal ideation. There were no completed suicides in either clinical study treatment group. Suicidal behavior or ideation occurred in patients with or without a history of a psychiatric or thyroid disorder. Advise patients to report immediately any symptoms of depression or suicidal ideation to the prescribing physician.

6.4 Immunogenicity

As with all therapeutic proteins, there is potential for immunogenicity. The incidence of antibodies is highly dependent on the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. Additionally, the observed incidence of antibody (including inhibitory antibody) positivity in an assay may be influenced by several factors including assay methodology, sample handling, timing of sample collection, concomitant medications, and underlying disease. For these reasons, comparison of the incidence of antibodies to LEMTRADA with the incidence of antibodies to other products may be misleading.

Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a competitive binding assay, anti-alemtuzumab binding antibodies were detected in 62%, 67%, and 29% of LEMTRADA-treated patients, at months 1, 3, and 12 (Course 1) as well as 83%, 83%, and 75% of LEMTRADA-treated patients at months 13, 15, and 24 (Course 2). Samples that tested positive for binding antibodies were further evaluated for evidence of in vitro inhibition using a flow cytometry assay. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in 87%, 46%, and 5% of positive binding antibody patients at months 1, 3, and 12 (Course 1) as well as 94%, 88%, and 42% of positive binding antibody patients at months 13, 15, and 24 (Course 2). Anti-alemtuzumab antibodies were associated with decreased alemtuzumab concentration during Course 2, but not Course 1. Through 2 treatment courses, there was no evidence from clinical trials that the presence of binding or inhibitory anti-alemtuzumab antibodies had a significant effect on clinical outcomes, total lymphocyte count, or adverse events. High titer anti-alemtuzumab antibodies, which were observed in 13 patients, were associated with incomplete lymphocyte depletion following a third or fourth treatment course, but there was no clear effect of anti-alemtuzumab antibodies on the clinical efficacy or safety profile of LEMTRADA.

6.5 Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of alemtuzumab. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

8.1 Pregnancy

8.2 Lactation

8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential

8.4 Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients less than 17 years of age have not been established. Use of LEMTRADA is not recommended in pediatric patients due to the risks of autoimmunity, infusion reactions, and stroke, and because it may increase the risk of malignancies (thyroid, melanoma, lymphoproliferative disorders, and lymphoma) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4)].

8.5 Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of LEMTRADA did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients.

12.1 Mechanism of Action

The precise mechanism by which alemtuzumab exerts its therapeutic effects in multiple sclerosis is unknown but is presumed to involve binding to CD52, a cell surface antigen present on T and B lymphocytes, and on natural killer cells, monocytes, and macrophages. Following cell surface binding to T and B lymphocytes, alemtuzumab results in antibody-dependent cellular cytolysis and complement-mediated lysis.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of LEMTRADA were evaluated in a total of 148 patients with relapsing forms of MS who received 12 mg/day on 5 consecutive days, followed by 12 mg/day on 3 consecutive days 12 months following the first treatment course.

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Studies to assess the carcinogenic or genotoxic potential of LEMTRADA have not been conducted.

When LEMTRADA (3 or 10 mg/kg IV) was administered to huCD52 transgenic male mice on 5 consecutive days prior to cohabitation with untreated wild-type females, no effect on fertility or reproductive performance was observed. However, adverse effects on sperm parameters (including abnormal morphology [detached/no head] and reduced total count and motility) were observed at both doses tested.

When LEMTRADA (3 or 10 mg/kg IV) was administered to huCD52 transgenic female mice for 5 consecutive days prior to cohabitation with untreated wild-type males, there was a decrease in the average number of corpora lutea and implantation sites and an increase in postimplantation loss, resulting in fewer viable embryos at the higher dose tested.

Study 1

Study 1 was a 2-year randomized, open-label, rater-blinded, active comparator (interferon beta-1a 44 micrograms administered subcutaneously three times a week) controlled study in patients with RRMS. Patients entering Study 1 had Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores of 5 or less and had to have experienced at least one relapse while on interferon beta or glatiramer acetate therapy.

Patients were randomized to receive LEMTRADA (n=426) or interferon beta-1a (n=202). At baseline, the mean age was 35 years, the mean disease duration was 4.5 years, and the mean EDSS score was 2.7.

The clinical outcome measures were the annualized relapse rate (ARR) over 2 years and the time to confirmed disability progression. Confirmed disability progression was defined as at least a 1 point increase above baseline EDSS (1.5 point increase for patients with baseline EDSS of 0) sustained for 6 months. The MRI outcome measure was the change in T2 lesion volume.

The annualized relapse rate was significantly lower in patients treated with LEMTRADA than in patients who received interferon beta-1a. Time to onset of 6-month confirmed disability progression was significantly delayed with LEMTRADA treatment compared to interferon beta-1a. There was no significant difference between the treatment groups for the change in T2 lesion volume. The results of Study 1 are shown in Table 2 and Figure 1.

Figure 1: Time to 6-month Confirmed Disability Progression (Study 1)

Study 2

Study 2 was a 2-year randomized, open-label, rater-blinded, active comparator (interferon beta-1a 44 micrograms administered subcutaneously three times a week) controlled study in patients with RRMS. Patients entering Study 2 had EDSS scores of 3 or less and no prior treatment for multiple sclerosis.

Patients were randomized to receive LEMTRADA (n=376) or interferon beta-1a (n=187). At baseline, the mean age was 33 years, the mean disease duration was 2 years, and the mean EDSS score was 2.

The clinical outcome measures were the annualized relapse rate (ARR) over 2 years and the time to confirmed disability progression, as defined in Study 1. The MRI outcome measure was the change in T2 lesion volume.

The annualized relapse rate was significantly lower in patients treated with LEMTRADA than in patients who received interferon beta-1a. There was no significant difference between the treatment groups for the time to confirmed disability progression and for the primary MRI endpoint (change in T2 lesion volume). The results for Study 2 are shown in Table 3.

16.1 How Supplied

LEMTRADA (alemtuzumab) injection is a sterile, clear and colorless to slightly yellow solution for intravenous infusion, containing no antimicrobial preservatives.

Each LEMTRADA carton (NDC: 58468-0200-1) contains one single-dose vial that delivers 12 mg/1.2 mL (10 mg/mL). The vial stopper is not made with natural rubber latex.

16.2 Storage and Handling

Store LEMTRADA vials at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F). Do not freeze or shake. Store in original carton to protect from light.

Autoimmunity

• Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider promptly if they experience any symptoms of potential autoimmune disease. Give examples of important symptoms such as bleeding, easy bruising, petechiae, purpura, hematuria, edema, jaundice, or hemoptysis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
• Advise patients of the importance of monthly blood and urine tests for 48 months following the last course of LEMTRADA to monitor for signs of autoimmunity because early detection and prompt treatment can help prevent serious and potentially fatal outcomes associated with these events. Advise patients that monitoring may need to continue past 48 months if they have signs or symptoms of autoimmunity.
• Advise patients that LEMTRADA may cause hyperthyroid or hypothyroid disorders.
• Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider if they experience symptoms reflective of a potential thyroid disorder such as unexplained weight loss or gain, fast heartbeat or palpitations, nervousness, worsening tiredness, eye swelling, constipation, or feeling cold.
• Advise women of childbearing potential of the risks of pregnancy with concomitant thyroid disease. Advise women of childbearing potential to discuss pregnancy planning with their doctor.
• Cases of autoimmune hepatitis have been reported in patients treated with LEMTRADA. Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider right away if they develop signs or symptoms suggestive of hepatic dysfunction such as unexplained nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue, anorexia, jaundice and/or dark urine, or bleeding or bruising more easily than normal.
• Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider if they experience symptoms of acquired hemophilia A such as spontaneous bruising, nose bleeds, painful or swollen joints, other types of bleeding, or bleeding from a cut that may take longer than usual to stop.
• Advise patients that cases of autoimmune encephalitis can occur after receiving LEMTRADA. This condition may include symptoms such as behavior and psychiatric changes, movement disorders, short-term memory loss or seizures, as well as other symptoms that may resemble an MS relapse.

Infusion Reactions

• Advise patients that infusion reactions can occur at the time of infusion or after they leave the infusion center [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
• Instruct the patient to remain at the infusion center for at least 2 hours after each LEMTRADA infusion, or longer at the discretion of the healthcare provider. Advise patients that symptoms of infusion reactions may occur after they leave the infusion center and to report these symptoms to their healthcare provider.
• Advise patients that their healthcare provider will monitor vital signs, including blood pressure, before and during the infusion and to contact their healthcare provider promptly if they experience infusion reactions, which include swelling in the mouth or throat, difficulty breathing, weakness, abnormal heart rate (fast, slow, or irregular), chest pain, rash, facial drooping, sudden severe headache, weakness on one side of the body, difficulty with speech, or neck pain.
• Instruct patients that there have also been reports of rare but serious infusion reactions, including bleeding in the lung, chest tightness/pain or discomfort, heart attack, and stroke or tears in blood vessels supplying the brain, which should be reported to your healthcare provider.
• Advise patients that reactions may occur following any of the doses during the treatment course. In the majority of cases, reactions occurred within 1–3 days of the infusion.

Stroke and Cervicocephalic Arterial Dissection

• Educate patients on the symptoms and instruct patients to seek immediate medical attention if symptoms of stroke or cervicocephalic arterial dissection occur (e.g., neck pain, weakness on one side, facial droop, difficulty with speech, sudden severe headache) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].

Malignancies

• Advise patients that LEMTRADA may increase their risk of malignancies including thyroid cancer and melanoma [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
• Advise patients to report symptoms of thyroid cancer, including a new lump or swelling in the neck, pain in the front of the neck, hoarseness or other voice changes that do not go away, trouble swallowing or breathing, or a constant cough not due to a cold.
• Advise patients that they should have baseline and yearly skin examinations.

LEMTRADA REMS Program

• LEMTRADA is available only through a restricted program called the LEMTRADA REMS Program [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]. Inform the patient of the following notable requirements:
  • Patients and providers must be enrolled in the program.
  • Patients must comply with the ongoing monitoring requirements.
  • Patients must report any side effects or symptoms to their doctor.
• LEMTRADA is available only at certified infusion centers participating in the program. Therefore, provide patients with information on the LEMTRADA REMS Program in order to locate an infusion center.
• Advise patients to read the LEMTRADA REMS material for patients, LEMTRADA Treatment and Infusion Reactions Patient Guide.
• Instruct patients to carry the LEMTRADA REMS Patient Safety Information Card with them in case of an emergency.

Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

• Inform patients that treatment with LEMTRADA may increase the risk of a type of excessive immune activation (hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis), which can be fatal, particularly if not diagnosed and treated early.
• Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider immediately if they experience symptoms such as fever, swollen glands, skin rash, or new neurologic symptoms such as mental status changes, ataxia, or seizures.
• In cases reported with LEMTRADA, symptoms occurred within approximately thirteen months to thirty-three months following the initiation of treatment.

Adult Onset Still's Disease (AOSD)

• Inform patients that AOSD is a rare condition that has the potential to cause multi-organ inflammation with several symptoms such as fever >39°C or 102.2°F lasting more than 1 week, pain, stiffness with or without swelling in multiple joints, and/or a skin rash [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)].
• Instruct patients if they experience a combination of these symptoms to contact their healthcare provider immediately.

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

• Inform patients that there have been reports of TTP in patients treated with LEMTRADA and that this is a potentially life-threatening condition [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)].
• Instruct patients to get prompt medical attention if they experience symptoms of TTP such as fever, fatigue, pallor, purpura, jaundice, tachycardia, dyspnea, hematuria, dark-colored urine, decreased urine volume, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or new neurological symptoms such as confusion, altered mental status, vision or speech changes, or seizures.

Infections

• Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider if they develop symptoms of serious infection such as fatigue, fever, or swollen glands [see Warnings and Precautions (5.16)].
• Advise patients to complete any necessary immunizations at least 6 weeks prior to treatment with LEMTRADA [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)]. Advise patients that they should talk to their healthcare provider before taking any vaccine after recent treatment with LEMTRADA [see Warnings and Precautions (5.16)].
• Advise patients to avoid or adequately heat foods that are potential sources of Listeria monocytogenes prior to receiving LEMTRADA and if they have had a recent course of LEMTRADA. The duration of increased risk for Listeria infection after LEMTRADA administration is not known. Inform patients that Listeria infection can lead to significant complications or death [see Warnings and Precautions (5.16)].
• Advise patients to take their prescribed medication for herpes prophylaxis as directed by their healthcare provider [see Warnings and Precautions (5.16)].
• Advise patients that yearly HPV screening is recommended [see Warnings and Precautions (5.16)].

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

• Inform patients that progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) has occurred in a patient who received LEMTRADA. Inform the patient that PML is characterized by a progression of deficits and usually leads to death or severe disability over weeks or months. Instruct the patient of the importance of contacting their doctor if they develop any symptoms suggestive of PML. Inform the patient that typical symptoms associated with PML are diverse, progress over days to weeks, and include progressive weakness on one side of the body or clumsiness of limbs, disturbance of vision, and changes in thinking, memory, and orientation leading to confusion and personality changes [see Warnings and Precautions (5.17)].

Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis

• Advise patients to report symptoms of acute acalculous cholecystitis. These include abdominal pain, abdominal tenderness, fever, nausea, and vomiting [see Warnings and Precautions (5.18)].

Pneumonitis

• Advise patients that pneumonitis has been reported in patients treated with LEMTRADA [see Warnings and Precautions (5.19)]. Advise patients to report symptoms of lung disease such as shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, chest pain or tightness, and hemoptysis.

Concomitant Use of CAMPATH

• Advise patients that alemtuzumab is the same drug as CAMPATH for use in B-CLL. Patients should inform their healthcare provider if they have taken CAMPATH [see Warnings and Precautions (5.20)].

Fetal Risk

• Inform patients that LEMTRADA may cause fetal harm. Discuss with women of childbearing age whether they are pregnant, might be pregnant, or are trying to become pregnant. Advise women of childbearing age of the need for effective contraception during LEMTRADA treatment and for 4 months after a treatment course of LEMTRADA. Advise the patient that if she should nevertheless become pregnant, she should immediately inform her physician.
• Advise patients exposed to LEMTRADA during pregnancy that there is a pregnancy safety surveillance program that monitors pregnancy outcomes [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)]. If exposure occurs during pregnancy, healthcare providers and patients are encouraged to report pregnancies by calling 1-800-745-4447, option 2.